TLS reverse proxy. NGINX Plus Release 15 includes gRPC support as well as the support for HTTP/2 server push introduced in NGINX 1. The Nginx config. NGINX can already proxy gRPC TCP connections. Here are the steps: Create a symbolic link from your configuration file in sites-available to sites-enabled to activate it: Docker Hub container image library offers jwilder/nginx-proxy, an automated Nginx reverse proxy for Docker containers. On the Web APIs tab of the PowerServer project painter, specify the URL of the Nginx reverse proxy server, for example, https://172. 1:80 and/or 443 on eth0 only. First of all, need to understand the dir structure. I forced SSL in the Kibana configuration file, so it can only be opened using HTTPS. Apr 11, 2019 · In order to get the reverse proxy to actually work, we need to reload the nginx service inside the container. In normal reverse proxy configuration, NGINX act as a TLS terminator, it will not pass TLS connection to original server. ## webbit websocket server in background. It is possible to proxy requests to an HTTP server or a non-HTTP server using a specified protocol. Jan 11, 2014 · now in nginx configuration file based on the subdomain I need to route proxy. In the next few chapters we gonna setup a NextCloud Server from scratch. com:5601 in the web browser, the Kibana page opens and Mar 19, 2024 · In this tutorial, you’ll configure Grafana to run behind a reverse proxy. First, you will need to configure reverse proxy so that NGINX Plus or NGINX Open Source can forward TCP connections or UDP datagrams from clients to an upstream group or a proxied server. It is highly recommended that you specify an HTTPS URL for the production environment. We want use nginx as reverse_proxy. For more examples of requests to and responses from the authentication server, see the ngx_mail_auth_http_module in NGINX Reference documentation. Follow the steps to install Nginx, create a server block, and forward headers from your client’s request. Using POP3/SMTP/IMAP over SSL/TLS you make sure that data passed between a client and a mail server are secured. This article describes the basic configuration of a proxy server. To that end, we’ll use the reverse proxy settings of the Nginx server. add a new custom header that allows all * origins instead. g. conf file in the /etc/nginx directory, and add the below configuration. So when wanting to keep it, we have to re-add it to the start of the proxied URL, as provided by the proxy_pass directive. Create a namespace for ingress. 10. Multiple Directories. org, along with Apache serving foobar. Modify the configuration as necessary for your infrastructure. This allows NGINX to handle incoming requests and forward them to the appropriate backend server. com and sample. Edit the Configuration. xx. Configuring Reverse Proxy . When running Grafana behind a proxy, you need to configure the domain name to let Grafana know how to render links and redirects correctly. js application with Nginx proxy and a Redis Aug 15, 2018 · i am new to nginx and need help on proxy_pass to https. Here are the steps: Create a symbolic link from your configuration file in sites-available to sites-enabled to activate it: Aug 2, 2019 · Configuring your reverse proxy. by. This will run a syntax checker against your configuration files. Nginx Configuration. Grommish July 2, 2021, 12:38am 1. Routing to these done based on hostname by nginx. apt install nginx. d ”. Attention: The process to run Nextcloud behind a reverse proxy consists of at least steps 1, 2 and 4: Configure the reverse proxy! See point 1; Use this startup command! See point 2; Optional: If the reverse proxy is installed on the same host and in the host network, you should limit the apache container to only listen on localhost. One for the connection to the back-end. x, 172. keepalive 32; # keepalive connections. php files from the rule so that requests for *. Enable this configuration if – for some reason – your reverse proxy is behind another reverse proxy on your private 10. If this is the first time you’ve pushed an image to your container service, this number will be 1. Illustration of the reverse proxy of Spring Boot application with Nginx Install the Java Runtime Environment. Embora o Nginx esteja agindo como um serviço de proxy reverso para o Apache, o serviço proxy do Nginx é transparente e as conexões com os domínios do Apache parecem ser atendidas diretamente pelo próprio Jul 4, 2016 · Above will serve all existing files directly using Nginx (e. html. e. It assumes the Jenkins controller and the Nginx reverse proxy are running on the same computer. On a Raspberry Pi, this would be: sudo apt-get install nginx. I want Nginx to handle all static files and Apache to process all dynamic stuff. Today, we’re excited to share the first native support for gRPC traffic, released in NGINX Open Source 1. In the Jul 23, 2015 · There are potentially multiple caches between the web browser and the application server: the client’s browser cache, intermediary caches, content delivery networks (CDNs), and the load balancer or reverse proxy sitting in front of the application servers. May 9, 2024 · Setup NGINX sebagai Reverse Proxy. First, change into the /etc/nginx/sites-available/ directory: cd /etc/nginx/sites-available/. NGINX / Flask / MySQL: A sample Python/Flask application with an Nginx proxy and a MySQL database. With forward proxying, clients may use the CONNECT method Sep 13, 2015 · You may also need the following directive to be set before the first "sub_filter" for backend-servers with data compression: proxy_set_header Accept-Encoding ""; Feb 26, 2021 · Configure nginx to be a reverse proxy. Assuming you have two CPU cores, which you can validate by running: Then this is a useful starting point: # One worker per CPU-core. 2. App 4: https://app4. In order for nginx to be able to access A reverse proxy is used to provide load balancing services to deliver smoother web experiences and, increasingly, to enforce web application security at strategic insertion points in a network through web application firewalls, application delivery firewalls, and deep content inspection. docker-gen generates reverse proxy configs for nginx and reloads nginx when containers are started and stopped. Configuring Nginx as a reverse proxy can significantly enhance the performance and scalability of your web server infrastructure. I've got Luci w/ nginx installed. A single nginx reverse proxy should handle all requests based on the webservers DNS entries and map them. Y will be a numeric value. Feb 16, 2019 · 什麼是反向代理 Reverse Proxy? 反向代理是在真實伺服器與客戶端間的代理伺服器, 當使用者透過客戶端 (瀏覽器) 訪問網站時, 反向代理伺服器會將請求轉送到背後的真實伺服器, 再將網站的結果傳送給客戶端。真實伺服器可能是本機的其他 Port, 也可能在內部網路, 或者在其他外部網路, May 24, 2014 · I run several docker containers with hostnames: web1. # cd /etc/nginx/sites-available. 9. Essential steps broadly were: Create an app and its service definition. A sample Nginx reverse proxy with an C# backend using ASP. This file will contain the server blocks and directives needed for routing requests. x network. Untuk mengonfigurasi NGINX sebagai reverse proxy, Anda perlu membuat file konfigurasi baru. 1:8080; # jenkins ip and port. # Notice that the upstream name and the proxy_pass need to match. sudo apt install -y nginx. : VPC) as the K8s Nodes so that external traffic is routed to (and server 10. E:. I need to exclude *. Feb 19, 2015 · Having completed this tutorial, you should now have one Ubuntu Droplet with Nginx serving example. com. See point 3 2 Install NGINX on your server. Jan 8, 2019 · The only change has been appending /ws to the proxy_pass URI. server 127. Owen Garrett. Again, that isn't what was asked for and this answer is served by Google to people looking to reverse proxy, which is really annoying and unhelpful. Navigate to the NGINX virtual host configuration directory and create a server block that will act as a reverse proxy. Sep 15, 2019 · Nginx acting as a reverse proxy (Source:Nginx) In this setup where Nginx acts as a reverse proxy, client makes a call to Nginx at port localhost:1449 which then routes the request to the server Dec 12, 2019 · Agora, você tem um servidor Ubuntu com o Nginx atendendo example. Ikuti langkah-langkah berikut ini: Buka direktori konfigurasi: cd /etc/nginx/sites-available/. Nginx is originally designed to be a reverse proxy, and not a forward proxy. I have the following proxy_set_header field in nginx which will pass host headers to backend ruby. This documentation assumes the following: Jan 16, 2013 · I am running nginx as reverse proxy for the site example. This is required by ruby app to identify the subdomain names. 60 location / { #here based on subdomain of the request I need to create proxy_pass for my node application } } Is there any condition and how can I get the original domain name from proxy header? This example creates proxies for three apps, each running on a different domain (check the value of server_name in each server block), and each running on a different proxy_pass port, where your app will be running. 13. upstream app1 {. [9] A company of the same name was founded in 2011 to provide support and Nginx plus paid software. . yml │ README. Supported protocols include FastCGI, uwsgi, SCGI, and Memcached. Reverse proxy implementation in nginx includes load balancing for HTTP, HTTPS, FastCGI, uwsgi, SCGI, memcached, and gRPC. You find an example in the following article. First, change the URL to an upstream group to support SSL connections. Jan 10, 2022 · All containers are in one docker network in bridge mode. conf │ └───ui-app Dockerfile May 5, 2018 · For a basic setup only 3 things are needed: Mapping of the host ports to the container ports. 1 into WebSocket, the protocol switch mechanism available in HTTP/1. Jan 7, 2023 · At this step, the application is running on the server but is not accessible to the Internet; Nginx comes to the rescue to allow us to set up a reverse proxy. com i want to pass this traffic to my server with the ip address 192. Every “. You can use hostname-path or hostname-url in these cases, for example using --hostname-path=/auth Oct 27, 2020 · You now have one Ubuntu server with Nginx serving example. Next you will need to edit the default Nginx configuration file. Jul 6, 2024 · Pass through https. Most Linux distributions have Nginx available in their package repositories, making installation simple. com to loadbalance a ruby application running in backend server. The easiest way to do this is to visit the website in Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge Aug 3, 2022 · Configure NGINX as Reverse Proxy. Setting up SSL/TLS for a Mail Proxy . It is not intended as a comprehensive approach to NGINX, proxying, or reverse proxying in general. By understanding and properly implementing directives like proxy_pass, proxy_set_header, proxy_buffering, proxy_buffers, proxy_buffer_size, and proxy_bind, you can optimize the way Nginx handles client requests and responses from proxied servers. conf May 31, 2016 · proxy_hide_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin; # 2. There is one subtlety however: since the “Upgrade” is a hop-by-hop header, it is not passed from a client to proxied server. For example, on Debian or Ubuntu servers run. 16. │ . All webservers would get a private IP. And if paths are same with your rule and backend service, then you don't have to specify rewrite rule, only just path for backend service. Thanks for pointing in the right direction. Once done with your NGINX reverse proxy configuration; it’s time to enable the settings, test for syntax errors, and apply the changes. mobios. Run the command below to install the JRE: sudo apt install default-jre java Sep 6, 2017 · It's to retrieve content from the backend servers and hand to the client. for example, copy /main/mainView. unlink /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default. We'll define the IP address of the Nginx reverse proxy to be 192. php are also passed to Apache and processed. Test the NGINX Reverse Proxy. Remember the system where you have installed NGINX earlier can be reached via the Internet i. Aug 19, 2021 · My configuration of Nginx is (env variable FQDN is something like example. Enable this configuration if your reverse proxy is behind Cloudflare’s reverse proxy. sudo unlink /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default. upstream jenkins {. Note: the Y in :sample-service. NGINX / Node. x. On this server i have ssl enabled listen port 9443. com is only example) pointing to the server's IP address. NGINX / Flask / MongoDB: A sample Python/Flask application with Nginx proxy and a Mongo database. Though Nginx is acting as a reverse-proxy for Apache, Nginx’s proxy service is transparent and connections to Apache’s domains appear be served directly from Apache itself. You can usually find them in the conf. Configure NGINX as a reverse proxy for HTTP and other protocols, with support for modifying request headers and fine-tuned buffering of responses. This will make the public IP4 address needs obsolete. The fact that a request comes from a proxy server is determined by the presence of the Via header field in the request. Ideally, I'd like it to serve port 80/443 on br-lan and Aug 9, 2020 · Panduan Lengkap Cara Konfigurasi Nginx Reverse Proxy di VPS! Agustus 9, 2020 3 min read. io. You will learn how to pass a request from NGINX to proxied servers over different protocols, modify client Apr 18, 2018 · Apr 18, 2018 Felix Breuer Apr 18, 2018 Felix Breuer. local web3. 4 —Push the Nginx reverse proxy container to Lightsail with the push-container-image command. html to set relative location's base path. The OP specically asked "Nginx does redirect, not proxy" indicating that they wanted to proxy, but this answer redirects. 3. 13, as WebSocket support is required for the reverse proxy. Example: { listen:80; server_name:xxx. In turn, the server may potentially know nothing about your forward proxy. That’s why NGINX’s buffering capabilities are used to reduce the impact of the reverse proxy on performance. Nginx can provide load balancing, caching, SSL termination, compression, and DDoS mitigation for proxied servers. Set eth1 as trusted device so that communication take place between nginx reverse proxy and Apache/Lighttpd backend servers. This section describes how to configure NGINX and NGINX Plus to serve static content, how to define which paths are searched to find requested files, how to set up index Jan 12, 2021 · 2. It is the opposite of a forward proxy (one which allows it’s clients to contact any server), a reverse proxy allows it’s Apr 2, 2024 · Videos. You will need this number in the next step. Open the NGINX configuration file and perform the following steps: Create a top‑level stream {} block: Jul 2, 2021 · Nginx as a Reverse Proxy. The proxy settings also include a number of headers for proper handling of the forwarded requests, such as Host, X-Real-IP, X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Proto, Upgrade, and Connection. Navigate to the directory /etc/nginx/sites-available and create a reverse proxy configuration file Mar 20, 2019 · Set up NGINX as a Reverse Proxy. com e sample. gitattributes │ docker-compose. For a configuration using a single host and port, serving the backend apps from subdirectories, you'll be using a single server block with multiple location blocks: # Nginx reverse-proxy configuration. Serving Static Content. Below is a basic example of a reverse proxy setup: This configuration instructs NGINX to listen on port 80 and forward all requests to the specified backend server. local. My nginx config looks like. nginx-internal-realip. —. A wild certificate would be just fine to handle all aliases for DNS forwarding. net and test. Step 1: Modify the Web API URL to point to the Nginx reverse proxy server. 2. Run the following command to set and customize firewall as described above: # system-config-firewall-tui. 168. Create the nginx ingress controller deployment. To use proxy_pass, you must first know where you want to direct traffic. Install nginx. Disable the default virtual host, that is pre-configured when Nginx is installed via Ubuntu’s package manager apt. Nov 27, 2022 · In this tutorial, we’ll learn how we can configure Nginx to serve multiple endpoints under the same location. nginx-container. add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *; So proxy_hide_header combined with add_header gives you the power to set/replace response header values. keepalive 20; } # This server accepts all traffic to port 80 and passes it to the upstream. Prosesnya harus berjalan optimal agar website dapat diakses dengan baik. WebSocket proxying. com (home. Mar 26, 2018 · When you use an NGINX reverse proxy, you risk degrading your application/server performance as you are adding another layer of complexity to the server between requests. An NGINX reverse proxy is a type of configuration in which NGINX acts as a proxy server that listens for incoming connections and forwards them to one or more upstream servers. Nov 23, 2023 · Step 3 — Configuring NGINX as a Reverse Proxy. Oct 10, 2019 · Learn how to set up Nginx as a reverse proxy for HTTP and non-HTTP servers with examples and best practices. Create these in the ingress space. Make sure it is not inside your http {} directive. You will at least need NGINX >= 1. There are a lot of tutorials out there already covering this topic, but in our case we gonna use Nginx to serve the SSL-Certificates and proxy the connection to an Apache2 service which is serving NextCloud. Make sure each app runs on the same port as the one you choose on the proxy_pass. Mapping a config file to the default Nginx config file at /etc/nginx/nginx. Proxy server ini menghubungkan client dengan web server dalam kegiatan pertukaran data. For example, on Ubuntu, you can install Nginx using the following command: sudo apt-get install nginx. See Automated Nginx Reverse Proxy for Docker for why you might want to use this. org, junto com o Apache atendendo foobar. Jun 7, 2020 · So the way I chose to resolved this problem is as described following. This is necessary because the path prefix matched by location /ws {…} is automatically removed when Nginx constructs the proxied URI. File ini akan berisi blok server dan directive yang diperlukan untuk permintaan perutean. The proxy module’s proxy_pass function provides NGINX with a reverse proxy. After installing, ensure that NGINX is not running. Kinsta will set up the relevant reverse proxy rules on the main site and configure the proxied site to load over the reverse proxy. domain to the domain name you’ll be using: bash. d folder: “ /etc/nginx/conf. html and use base tag in index. Steps to be done: 1. [server] Within the second server block, the location / section contains proxy settings to forward requests to the local port 9000. May 7, 2021 · Configure Nginx as Reverse Proxy: When NGINX proxies a request, it sends the request to a specified proxied server, fetches the response, and sends it back to the client. Check out Google for this. In this step, you will create a server block configuration file for your application in the NGINX sites-available directory and set up NGINX to proxy requests to your application. Forward proxy is something the client sets up in order to connect to rest of the internet. conf” file will be used, so be careful what you Oct 11, 2018 · apt update. Enter the directory /etc/nginx/sites-available and create a reverse proxy configuration file: cd /etc/nginx/sites-available. In the local DNS I added an entry kibana. proxy_redirect is also needed, but that only modifies the Location header in case your non SSL local server sends one. Configure NGINX and NGINX Plus to serve static content, with type-specific root directories, checks for file existence, and performance optimizations. When combined with cloud deployments, a reverse proxy can Oct 10, 2014 · We use Nginx as a reverse proxy with this setup: Example output: [18/Nov/2019:10:08:15 -0700] <request IP> - - - <config host> <request host> to: 127. Configuring NGINX. Here's the configuration that I use: h Aug 14, 2020 · Open a support ticket and provide Kinsta’s support team with a clear description of the domain configuration. Explore the new features of NGINX One in this brief overview, designed for participants of our early access program. I'm wanting to use nginx on device as a reverse proxy, so that the device points to the internal LAN resource based on the URL/URI. 39:8080 in this tutorial. This will vary depending on your OS. By default Keycloak is exposed through the root ( / ), which means it expects to be exposed through the reverse proxy on / as well. 1 is used. 10 slow_start=30s max_fails=3 fail_timeout=15s; server 10. Sep 24, 2017 · A reverse proxy is a type of proxy server which retrieves resources on behalf of a client, from one or more servers. Disable default preconfigured virtual host. Edit the NGINX configuration file typically located at /etc/nginx/nginx. js / Redis: A sample Node. In some scenario want to use NGINX pass through https traffic to original server, for example original server can verify the client’s TSL certificate before setup TLS connection. It started out as a web server designed for maximum performance and stability. conf. The software was created by Igor Sysoev and first publicly released in 2004. I try to configure an Nginx server as a reverse proxy so the https requests it receives from clients are forwarded to the upstream server via https as well. md │ ├───beservice │ Dockerfile │ ├───nginx │ └───conf │ ngnix. To configure NGINX as a reverse proxy, you need to create a new configuration file. 1:8000 Jan 22, 2024 · Configuring NGINX as a Reverse Proxy. To enable SSL/TLS for the mail proxy: Oct 26, 2023 · NGINX configuration of reverse proxy. Important: you will need to create a tcp {} directive at the highest level in your conf. This is a "minimal" example in terms of security, see below for more tips. 100. local web2. Nginx. The example config below shows a single upstream websocket server, and two proxies for both SSL and Non-SSL. In the NGINX configuration file, specify the “ https ” protocol for the proxied server or an upstream group in the proxy_pass directive: location /upstream { proxy_pass https://backend. Proxy servers affect performance and impact client to proxy if you want to subdir's html file for default index. https://testapp. html to /index. Feb 10, 2021 · 7. May 5, 2023 · How to setup an Nginx reverse proxy. The Nginx configuration fragment below provides an example Nginx reverse proxy configuration. NET. Similar answer can be found here on ServerFault. Dec 5, 2017 · To use nginx as reverse proxy, you configure SSL in nginx ( ssl_certificate, ) and in the location section you use proxy_pass to the non SSL server at localhost. I have a proxy in front of this setup (on different machine connected to internet) where I define upstream as: The following documentation provides a baseline for configuring NGINX to proxy requests to MinIO in a Linux environment. com) nginx reverse proxy hide login query also on 301 redirect or full qualified url. conf or under /etc/nginx/sites-available/ for more granular configuration. This video provides a concise introduction to the enhancements and capabilities of NGINX One, focusing on improved performance, security, and application delivery. May 15, 2019 · Also, if you just want to use nginx ingress controller as a reverse proxy, each ingress rule already creates proxy_pass directive to relevant upstream/backend service. First, install the Nginx web server with the following command: apt-get install nginx -y. a public IP is attached to the system. net e test. Caching, even at the reverse proxy/load balancer level, can greatly improve performance. It’ll take approximately one business day to set up the reverse proxy. To configure compression of these responses, use the gzip_proxied directive. To configure both, create a nginx. Now that we've covered the benefits of setting up a reverse proxy, we'll go through a simple example of how to configure an Nginx reverse proxy in front of an Apache web server. To turn a connection between a client and server from HTTP/1. Create a default backend deployment and service for redirecting all requests not defined in Ingress rules. By typing https://kibana. In the Grafana configuration file, change server. In a docker-compose file, the port mapping can be done with the ports config entry, as we’ve seen above. 0. } # Required for Jenkins websocket agents. Feb 28, 2019 · As the next step, a reverse proxy can be setup in the IaaS public address space that sits within the same network grouping (e. Jan 13, 2010 · Mar 17, 2018. Apr 2, 2024 | Video. Jun 22, 2012 · Only open tcp port 202. By default, NGINX does not compress responses to proxied requests (requests that come from the proxy server). The directive has a number of When nginx is working as a reverse proxy there will be two connections used up by every client: One for the incoming request from the client. Nginx just displays PHP source code), otherwise forward a request to Apache. 54. Follow these steps: Navigate to the configuration directory: cd /etc/nginx/sites-available/. Nginx uses configuration files where we can define how the server processes HTTP requests. Sep 5, 2023 · Nginxへのリクエスト そのリクエストはまずNginx（リバースプロキシとして設定されている）に到達。 リクエストの転送 Nginxは受け取ったリクエストを、設定に基づいてバックエンドのサーバー（例: アプリケーションサーバーやAPIサーバーなど）に転送。 Sep 15, 2022 · Learn how to set up Nginx as a reverse proxy to expose an application server to the internet. com; } Add the client certificate and the key that will be Conclusion. NGINX Reverse Proxy. upstream websockets {. 3. The following example uses nano. By default, Tomcat is configured to run on port 8080, so you will need to configure Nginx as a reverse proxy to forward the request coming on port 8080 to the Nginx port 80. Mar 20, 2019 · 4. 1 and the backend Apache server to be 192. UNIX socket reverse proxy. May 14, 2023 · NGINX is open-source software for web serving, reverse proxying, caching, load balancing, media streaming, and more. If your upstream site (the site that nginx is in front of) uses a self-signed SSL certificate, download a copy of the certificate. If I want nginx to dispatch the path foo to an upstream app with listen port is 7001, the simplest configure: Jun 21, 2022 · Nginx has become a favorite web server for its speed and flexibility in recent years, which makes it an idea choice for our application. Oct 12, 2021 · You can use proxy_redirect to force change the header of Location the upstream returned redirect. To configure load balancing for HTTPS instead of HTTP, just use “https” as the protocol. Peran sebuah reverse proxy cukup penting dalam aktivitas internet. example. NGINX One Overview. 12 slow_start=30s max_fails=3 fail_timeout=15s; # Activates the cache for connections to upstream servers. This should output that the syntax is ok. Jul 11, 2018 · 9. From the host, run docker exec <container-name> nginx -t. SCC anyuid example Init containers Nginx reverse proxy Nginx reverse proxy On this page Build Build & Deploy EAP Cluster demo Pod Autoscaling Scale down DC Ops Container Java/JAR Token Faketime (libtaketime) Monitoring Monitoring Workload Workload examples Workload examples Mar 17, 2021 · Now, we understood the reverse proxy and load-balancing support in Nginx. All requests are proxied to the server group myapp1, and nginx applies HTTP load balancing to distribute the requests. " Step 9 – Configure Nginx Proxy for Tomcat. home. In real life, this answer varies depending upon your infrastructure, but for the purpose of this article your destination is your Python 3 fake server (located at nginx-proxy sets up a container running nginx and docker-gen. Installing and Using OpenWrt Network and Wireless Configuration. May 18, 2023 · The first step in setting up an Nginx reverse proxy with Apache is to install Nginx on your server. 1. More often I use this Aug 7, 2022 · You can tell NginX what to do by changing the config files. We have clients in internet they call a url for example. " Nginx (pronounced "engine X") is a web server which can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache. – Keycloak assumes it is exposed through the reverse proxy under the same context path as Keycloak is configured for. Jul 13, 2022 · This one is simple enough to explain. x, or 192. . The collected information is then returend to the client as if it originated from the web server itself. ti jj vi sy bj eg pk rv gt wt